Analyze the vulnerabilities of encryption algorithms to chosen-plaintext and known-plaintext attacks.

Chosen-plaintext and known-plaintext attacks are two types of cryptanalytic attacks that target the vulnerabilities of encryption algorithms. Let's analyze the vulnerabilities of encryption algorithms to these attacks: 1. Known-Plaintext Attacks: * In a known-plaintext attack, the attacker has access to pairs of plaintext and corresponding ciphertext. The goal is to deduce the encryption key or exploit weaknesses in the encryption algorithm. * Vulnerability to known-plaintext attacks often arises from properties of the encryption algorithm that can be exploited mathematically or statistically. * Encryption algorithms vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks typically exhibit patterns or biases in the relationship between plaintext and ciphertext. These patterns can be exploited to deduce information about the key. * Weaknesses in key scheduling, key generation, or the substitution-permutation network (SPN) structure of the algorithm can lead to vulnerability against known-plaintext attacks. * Known-plaintext attacks are particularly effective wh....