What does the 'build back better' principle specifically require for new infrastructure in a flood-affected area, beyond simply repairing to pre-flood conditions?

The 'build back better' principle specifically requires new infrastructure in a flood-affected area to be reconstructed or improved in a way that actively reduces future disaster risks and enhances resilience, rather than merely restoring it to its previous, often vulnerable, pre-flood condition. This means going beyond simple repair to incorporate forward-looking risk reduction measures. Specifically, it requires:

Firstly, an updated and comprehensive risk assessment that considers not only historical flood data but also projections for future flood risks, including the anticipated impacts of climate change such as increased rainfall intensity, sea-level rise, and more frequent extreme weather events. This means designing for a future flood scenario that is likely to be worse than past events.

Secondly, the adoption of enhanced design standards and building codes. New infrastructure must be built to higher specifications that can withstand these projected future flood levels and forces. For example, this might involve requiring critical structural components to be elevated substantially above the new anticipated base flood elevation, rather than just the historical one. Building codes would mandate materials and construction techniques more resistant to water damage and erosion.

Thirdly, the use of flood-resistant materials and construction techniques. This includes materials that are less susceptible to damage from prolonged water exposure, such as concrete, treated lumber, or marine-grade plywood, and techniques like constructing sacrificial or 'break-away' walls in lower levels of buildings that are designed to fail under flood pressure without compromising the main structural integrity. Essential systems, like electrical panels or HVAC units, must be sited or elevated above projected flood levels.

Fourthly, strategic siting and elevation. Where feasible, new critical infrastructure, such as hospitals or emergency services, should be relocated out of high-risk floodplains entirely. If relocation is not possible, structures must be significantly elevated on stilts, berms, or raised foundations. Roads and bridges might be elevated to allow floodwaters to pass underneath without causing damage or to remain passable during flood events.

Fifthly, the integration of improved drainage and water management systems. This means designing infrastructure to better manage stormwater runoff, potentially through larger culverts, detention basins (areas designed to temporarily hold excess water), permeable surfaces (which allow water to soak into the ground), or improved pumping stations. The goal is to reduce the volume and velocity of water reaching vulnerable areas.

Sixthly, the incorporation of nature-based solutions where appropriate. These are approaches that leverage natural processes to reduce flood risk. Examples include restoring wetlands and mangroves, which act as natural sponges and buffers, planting riparian buffers along rivers to stabilize banks and absorb overflow, or creating urban green spaces that can retain and slowly release rainwater. These solutions provide ecological benefits while mitigating flood impacts.

Finally, community and stakeholder engagement throughout the planning and design process. This ensures that the rebuilt infrastructure addresses the specific needs and vulnerabilities of the local population, integrates local knowledge, and fosters a sense of ownership, leading to more sustainable and effective long-term resilience.