When performing a probabilistic flood hazard assessment, what is the primary purpose of executing numerous Monte Carlo simulations with varying input parameters?

The primary purpose of executing numerous Monte Carlo simulations with varying input parameters in a probabilistic flood hazard assessment is to quantify and propagate uncertainties inherent in the flood system to develop a comprehensive understanding of the likelihood of different flood outcomes. A probabilistic flood hazard assessment estimates the probability of various flood event magnitudes and their associated spatial extent and depth, acknowledging that future flood events are not known with certainty. Monte Carlo simulation is a computational technique that achieves this by performing repeated random sampling from the probability distributions of uncertain input parameters. These input parameters are variables like rainfall intensity, river discharge, topographic data, surface roughness, and levee structural properties, which cannot be known precisely but rather possess a range of plausible values, often characterized by specific statistical distributions (e.g., normal, log-normal). In each simulation run, a different set of values is randomly selected for all uncertain input parameters, adhering to their respective probability distributions. Each individual simulation thus represents one potential "realization" or scenario of the flood event, accounting for a unique combination of these uncertain inputs. By executing numerous, often thousands to millions, of these simulations, the full spectrum of possible flood outcomes is explored, effectively sampling the joint probability space of all uncertain inputs. This process allows for the propagation of the initial uncertainties in input parameters through the flood modeling process, revealing how these uncertainties contribute to variability in flood hazard outputs, such as flood depths, velocities, and inundated areas. The ensemble of simulation results then forms a probability distribution of flood outcomes, from which specific flood hazard metrics, like the probability of exceeding a certain flood depth at a given location or the overall flood extent for a specific return period, can be directly derived. This quantification of uncertainty is crucial for robust decision-making in flood risk management, as it provides not just a single flood estimate, but a range of possible scenarios with their associated probabilities.