What is the effect of sulfation on a lead-acid battery and how can it be reversed?

Sulfation in a lead-acid battery is the formation of lead sulfate crystals on the battery's lead plates, which reduces the battery's capacity and ability to deliver power. Lead-acid batteries generate electricity through a chemical reaction between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid. During normal operation (discharge), lead sulfate forms. When the battery is recharged, this lead sulfate is converted back into lead and lead dioxide. However, if a battery remains in a discharged state for an extended period, or is repeatedly undercharged, the l....