What is the effect of changing the gear ratio in a planetary gear set?

Changing the gear ratio in a planetary gear set alters the relationship between input speed, output speed, and output torque. A planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, planet gears, a ring gear, and a carrier. The sun gear is located at the center, the planet gears orbit the sun gear, the ring gear is an outer gear with internal teeth that the planet gears mesh with, and the carrier holds the planet gears. By holding one component stationary and applying input to another, different gear ratios can be achieved. A higher gear ratio (e.g., 3:1) means the input component must rotate three times for every one rotation of the output component. This results in a reduction in output speed but an increase in output torque. Conversely, a lower gear ratio (e.g., 1:2) means the output component rotates twice for every one rotation of the input component. This results in an increase in output speed but a decrease in output torque. The gear ratio is determined by the number of teeth on the different gears and which components are held stationary, used as the input, and used as the output. In an automatic transmission, planetary gear sets are used to provide different gear ratios without the need for sliding gears. By engaging different clutches and brakes, the transmission can hold different components of the planetary gear set stationary, thereby changing the gear ratio and providing different speeds and torques to the wheels. For example, in first gear, a planetary gear set might be configured to provide a high gear ratio for maximum torque during acceleration. In overdrive, the same gear set might be configured to provide a low gear ratio for fuel-efficient cruising at high speeds.