Thermal management considerations play a crucial role in accurate State of Power (SOP) estimation because battery performance and safety are highly dependent on temperature. The maximum power a battery can deliver or absorb is significantly affected by its operating temperature, and accurate SOP estimation must account for these thermal effects to prevent damage and ensure reliable operation. Battery internal resistance, a key parameter in SOP calculation, is highly temperature-dependent. As temperature increases, the internal resistance typically decreases, allowing for higher current flow and thus higher power output. Conversely, as temperature decreases, the internal resistance increases, limiting the current and power. If the SOP estimation algorithm does not account for the temperature-dependent internal resistance, it will underestimate the SOP at high temperatures and overest....
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