Explain how the concept of 'al-iltizam' (الالتزام) influenced themes in modern Arabic literature?

'Al-iltizam' (الالتزام), which translates to 'commitment' or 'engagement,' is a crucial concept that significantly shaped themes in modern Arabic literature. It refers to the writer's deliberate commitment to addressing social, political, and ethical issues in their work. This commitment distinguishes 'al-iltizam' from purely aesthetic or escapist forms of literature. The influence of 'al-iltizam' manifested in several key ways. First, it led to a *focus on social justice and equality*. Writers used their works to expose injustice, critique social inequalities, and advocate for the rights of marginalized groups. This often involved portraying the struggles of the poor, the oppressed, and the victims of political corruption. Second, it prompted a *critical examination of political power and authority*. Writers challenged authoritarian regimes, questioned the role of colonialism and neocolonialism, and explored the complexities of national identity and liberation movements. Third, it encouraged an *exploration of cultural identity and authenticity*. Writers sought to reclaim and celebrate Arab culture, heritage, and values, while also engaging with the challenges of modernity and globalization. This often involved reinterpreting historical narratives and exploring the complexities of Arab identity in a rapidly changing world. Fourth, 'al-iltizam' spurred a *greater sense of responsibility among writers*. Writers saw themselves as having a moral obligation to speak truth to power, challenge injustice, and inspire social change. This sense of responsibility influenced their choices of subject matter, their writing style, and their overall artistic vision. Examples of 'al-iltizam' can be seen in the works of many prominent modern Arab writers. Ghassan Kanafani, for instance, dedicated his writings to the Palestinian cause, portraying the struggles and experiences of Palestinian refugees. Naguib Mahfouz, while exploring various themes, often touched upon social inequalities and political corruption in Egyptian society. Similarly, many female Arab writers have used 'al-iltizam' to address issues of gender inequality and women's rights. Therefore, 'al-iltizam' served as a powerful force that shaped the themes, styles, and overall direction of modern Arabic literature, pushing writers to engage with the pressing social, political, and ethical issues of their time.