In classical Arabic poetry, how does 'iltifat' (الإلتفات) function as a rhetorical device, and what effect does it achieve?

'Iltifat' (الإلتفات), which translates to 'turning' or 'shifting,' is a significant rhetorical device (فن البلاغة) in classical Arabic poetry. It involves a *deliberate shiftin grammatical person, number, or tense within a poem. This shift is not arbitrary but serves a specific artistic purpose, aiming to capture the reader's attention, create emphasis, and enhance the emotional impact of the verse. The function of 'iltifat' is to disrupt the expected flow of the poem and introduce a sudden change in perspective. This can manifest in several ways. The most common form is shifting between first, second, and third person pronouns. For instance, a poet might start by addressing the beloved in the second person ('you'), then suddenly switch to describing them in the third person ('she'), creating a sense of distance or objectivity, or even bringing in the poet themselves as first person (I). Another form involves shifting between singular, dual, and plural forms, which can emphasize the scope or intensity of the emotion being expressed. For example, shifting from addressing a single person to addressing a group can amplify the feeling of unity or shared experience. A further type involves shifting between tenses, such as moving from the past tense to the present tense to create a sense of immediacy or to highlight the ongoing nature of an emotion. The effect achieved by 'iltifat' is multifaceted. It can add dynamism and variety to the poem, preventing it from becoming monotonous. It can also create a sense of intimacy or distance, depending on the specific shift employed. Moreover, 'iltifat' can be used to emphasize a particular idea or emotion by drawing attention to it through the unexpected change in perspective. Finally, it can reveal the poet's skill and artistry, showcasing their ability to manipulate language in a creative and effective way. 'Iltifat' requires a careful and deliberate use to avoid causing confusion; its effectiveness depends on the poet's ability to integrate the shifts seamlessly into the overall structure and meaning of the poem, enhancing rather than disrupting the poetic flow.