What aspect of command and control systems makes them uniquely vulnerable to cyberattacks?

The aspect of command and control (C2) systems that makes them uniquely vulnerable to cyberattacks is their reliance on complex, interconnected networks and software, which creates numerous potential entry points for malicious actors. Modern C2 systems integrate various communication channels, data processing capabilities, and decision-making tools to enable commanders to effectively manage military forces and operations. This integration often involves the use of computer networks, software applications, and digital communication protocols, which can be exploited by cyberattacks to disrupt or compromise the system. Vulnerabilities in software code, weak network security, or human error can create opportunities for attackers to gain unauthorized access to C2 systems. Once inside, attackers can steal sensitive information, disrupt communications, manipulate data, or even take control of critical functions. The centralized nature of many C2 systems also makes them a single point of failure; if the C2 system is compromised, the entire military force can be paralyzed. For example, a cyberattack that disrupts the communication links between a commander and his forces could render those forces unable to receive orders or coordinate their actions, severely impacting their effectiveness. Therefore, the complex networked nature of C2 systems, while providing increased efficiency and capability, also creates significant vulnerabilities to cyberattacks.