What is the primary reason for the lack of a robust verification regime within the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)?

The primary reason for the lack of a robust verification regime within the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is the difficulty in distinguishing between legitimate biological research and production activities and those intended for the development of biological weapons, due to the 'dual-use' nature of biological agents and related technologies. Many of the same facilities, equipment, and expertise used to produce vaccines, pharmaceuticals, or conduct basic biological research can also be used to develop and produce biological weapons. This makes it extremely challenging to design a verification system that can effectively monitor compliance with the BWC without unduly interfering with legitimate scientific and commercial activities. Unlike chemical weapons, which often require specialized precursor chemicals and facilities that have limited peaceful applications, biological weapons can be produced using readily available materials and equipment in facilities that are virtually indistinguishable from those used for legitimate purposes. Any intrusive verification measures, such as on-site inspections, could potentially compromise legitimate research and commercial secrets, leading to concerns about economic competitiveness and national security. The BWC's lack of a verification mechanism is a major weakness, making it difficult to ensure compliance and deter states from pursuing biological weapons programs.