Which marketing attribution model typically overestimates the value of bottom-of-funnel marketing activities?

The last-touch attribution model typically overestimates the value of bottom-of-funnel marketing activities. Marketing attribution models are used to determine which marketing touchpoints receive credit for a conversion, such as a sale or lead generation. The last-touch model assigns 100% of the credit to the final marketing interaction a customer had before converting, regardless of any previous interactions. This approach gives disproportionate weight to bottom-of-funnel activities, such as direct response ads or retargeting campaigns, which are often the last touchpoint before a purchase. For example, a customer might have initially discovered a brand through a blog post (top-of-funnel), then engaged with the brand on social media (mid-funnel), but only converted after clicking a retargeting ad (bottom-of-funnel). The last-touch model would attribute the entire conversion to the retargeting ad, ignoring the influence of the earlier touchpoints. This can lead to an inaccurate assessment of the effectiveness of top-of-funnel activities and potentially underinvestment in those areas.