Describe the steps involved in conducting a thorough hands-on inspection of a bridge pier.

A thorough hands-on inspection of a bridge pier involves several key steps. First, ensure safety by implementing appropriate traffic control measures and using personal protective equipment (PPE), including harnesses if necessary. Next, visually inspect the entire pier, starting at the top and working down, for any signs of distress such as cracking, spalling, delamination, staining, or efflorescence. Document the location, size, and severity of any defects. Use tools like crack width gauges, measuring tapes, and cameras to accurately record observations. Sound the concrete with a hammer or chain drag to identify delaminated areas. Pay close attention to areas near the waterline or ground level, where moisture and salt exposure are highest. Inspect the pier footing for settlement, scour, or undermining. If possible, inspect below the waterline using divers or remote-operated vehicles (ROVs). Finally, document all findings in a detailed inspection report, including photographs, sketches, and condition ratings.