Outline the major differences between public, private, and consortium blockchain networks, with specific examples of their use cases.

Public, private, and consortium blockchain networks differ significantly in terms of their accessibility, control, and intended use cases. These differences stem from variations in their governance, permissioning, and overall architecture. A public blockchain network is open to anyone who wants to participate. This means anyone can read, write, and validate transactions on the blockchain. There is no central authority controlling the network, and it is typically permissionless. Public blockchains are highly decentralized, offering transparency and immutability. Examples of public blockchains include Bitcoin and Ethereum. Use cases for public blockchains are widespread due to their openness and include applications like cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, and decentralized applications (dApps) for various purposes. For example, Bitcoin is primarily used as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, while Ethereum enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications, such as tokenized assets, decentralized exchanges, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The major characteristics of public blockchains include their high degree of transparency, their permissionless nature allowing anyone to join and participate, and high security stemming from the large and decentralized validator networks. Their drawbacks are the scalability limitations, slower transaction speeds and higher energy consumption for PoW networks. In contrast, a private blockchain network is controlled by a single organization, thus it is permissioned. Access to the network is restricted to members who are authorized by the controlling organization. Only permitted users can participate, read, and validate transactions. A private blockchain offers greater control over who can view data, participate in consensus, and execute transactions, thereby enhancing privacy and security. Examples of private blockchains include Hyperledger Fabric and Corda. These platforms are often used within enterprises that require a secure and efficient way to manage internal data. For example, a large financial institution could use a private blockchain to manage its internal financial transactions, such as payments and settlements, securely and efficiently. These networks are also useful for managing supply chains, tracking assets, and managing sensitive data, such as human resources records, which need to be kept private within the organisation. The major characteristics of private blockchains are the permissioned nature, faster transaction speeds due to the limited number of participants, and lower energy consumption. The downside of private blockchains is the lack of transparency due to permissioned access, and their lower levels of decentralization. A consortium blockchain network is a hybrid approach that combines elements of both public and private blockchains. It is controlled by a group of organizations rather than a single entity. These networks are permissioned, but multiple organizations share the authority to govern the network. This shared governance provides a balance between decentralization and control, offering enhanced security and privacy compared to public blockchains while remaining more decentralized than private blockchains. Examples of consortium blockchains include Quorum and some deployments of Hyperledger Fabric. Consortium blockchains are often used in collaborative use cases across industries where multiple organizations need to share data and processes. A good example is a supply chain consortium, involving various suppliers, distributors, and retailers who want to track goods across the chain. Another common use case is in the financial sector, where multiple financial institutions could use a consortium blockchain to share information about trade finance transactions or interbank payments. Consortium blockchains provide a transparent, secure, and efficient environment for all stakeholders to collaborate. Key characteristics of consortium blockchains include the permissioned access which requires specific membership, they provide a balance between transparency and privacy, they are more decentralized than private blockchains, and offer faster transaction speeds compared to public blockchains. One key drawback of consortium blockchains is the complex governance issues which are introduced when coordinating multiple stakeholders in one system. To summarize, public blockchains are open and permissionless, offering maximum decentralization and transparency, suitable for broad applications. Private blockchains are controlled by a single organization, providing more control and privacy, suited for internal enterprise solutions. Consortium blockchains are jointly governed by multiple organizations, offering a balance between control and decentralization, suitable for collaborative use cases. The choice of network depends on specific requirements for governance, access, security, and the use case.