Describe the difference between formal and informal speech patterns in Japanese.

In Japanese, there are distinct speech patterns that vary in formality and are used in different social contexts. Understanding the difference between formal and informal speech patterns is crucial for effective communication and showing appropriate respect. Here's a detailed description of the disparities between these two speech styles:

Formal Speech Patterns:
Formal speech patterns, known as "keigo," are used to show respect, politeness, and deference towards individuals of higher social status, such as superiors, elders, or customers. Keigo is often employed in professional settings, formal ceremonies, and when addressing people of authority. It can be further categorized into two types:

1. Sonkeigo (Honorific Language):
Sonkeigo is used to elevate the status of the person being spoken about or to someone in a higher position. It is characterized by the use of honorific prefixes, suffixes, and special verbs. Sonkeigo is employed to demonstrate respect and maintain a hierarchical relationship.
2. Kenjōgo (Humility Language):
Kenjōgo is used to humble oneself when speaking about one's actions, achievements, or when addressing someone of higher status. It is characterized by the use of humble verbs and expressions to avoid appearing boastful or arrogant.

Informal Speech Patterns:
Informal speech patterns are used in casual and familiar settings, such as interactions with friends, family members, or peers of similar age or status. Informal speech patterns allow for a more relaxed and friendly tone. There are two main types of informal speech patterns:

1. Plain Form (Muzukashii Keigo):
The plain form is used when speaking to friends, siblings, or individuals of equal or lower status. It lacks the politeness markers found in formal speech and is characterized by the absence of honorific prefixes, suffixes, and special verbs.
2. Casual Form (Teineigo):
The casual form is used in informal situations among friends or people of similar age and social status. It is less polite than the plain form and involves the use of contractions, colloquial expressions, and informal vocabulary.

It's important to note that the choice between formal and informal speech patterns depends on factors such as the relationship between speakers, the formality of the setting, and the social context. Using the appropriate speech pattern shows respect, acknowledges social hierarchies, and reflects one's understanding of Japanese culture and etiquette.