Describe error handling and exception management in Perl.

In Perl, error handling and exception management play a crucial role in ensuring the robustness and reliability of your code. Perl provides several mechanisms to handle errors and exceptions effectively. Let's explore these techniques in detail:

1. Error Reporting:

* Perl provides a built-in variable called `$!` that holds the error message corresponding to the last encountered system or library operation.
* You can use the `die()` function to report an error and terminate the program execution. It prints the specified error message along with the file name and line number where the error occurred.
* Example:
```
perl`open(my $filehandle, '<', 'filename.txt') or die "Cannot open file: $!";`
```
2. Error Checking:

* Perl provides a variety of functions to check for errors or failures. For instance, the `open()` function returns `undef` if it fails to open a file, allowing you to handle the error accordingly.
* You can use conditional statements like `if` or `unless` to check for specific error conditions and take appropriate actions.
* Example:
```
perl`open(my $filehandle, '<', 'filename.txt') or die "Cannot open file: $!";`
```
3. Exceptions and Exception Handling:

* Perl supports exception handling through the use of the `eval()` function. It allows you to evaluate a block of code and catch exceptions using `eval { ... }`.
* Within the `eval` block, you can use the `die()` function to throw an exception.
* You can handle exceptions using the `eval` statement along with the `if` or `unless` conditional statement to capture and process exceptions.
* Example:
```
perl`eval {
# Code that may throw an exception
};
if ($@) {
# Handle the exception
}`
```
4. Try::Tiny and Exception::Class:

* To simplify exception handling, Perl provides additional modules like `Try::Tiny` and `Exception::Class`.
* `Try::Tiny` allows you to wrap code in a try-catch-finally construct, making it easier to handle exceptions in a structured manner.
* `Exception::Class` provides a mechanism to define custom exception classes and handle exceptions based on their types.
5. Error Logging and Reporting:

* Perl offers various logging modules, such as `Log::Log4perl` and `Log::Dispatch`, to facilitate error logging and reporting.
* These modules allow you to define logging levels, configure log destinations (files, databases, etc.), and control the format of logged messages.

By leveraging these error handling and exception management techniques, you can effectively handle errors, report failures, and handle exceptions in your Perl code. Proper error reporting, error checking, and exception handling enhance the stability and maintainability of your programs, enabling you to gracefully handle unexpected situations and provide informative error messages to aid debugging and troubleshooting.