Discuss the fundamentals of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Perl.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) in Perl is a paradigm that allows you to structure your code around objects and classes, facilitating code organization, encapsulation, and reusability. Here's an in-depth explanation of the fundamentals of OOP in Perl:

1. Classes and Objects:

* In OOP, a class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects. It defines the attributes (data) and behaviors (methods) that objects of that class will possess.
* To create an object, you instantiate a class using the `new` method. The object is an instance of the class, and it has its own set of attributes and can invoke methods defined in the class.
* In Perl, you can define a class using the `package` keyword, and the class name typically follows Perl's naming conventions, starting with an uppercase letter.
* Example:
```
perl`package MyClass;

sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = {
attribute1 => $_[0],
attribute2 => $_[1]
};
bless $self, $class;
return $self;
}

sub method1 {
# Method implementation
}`
```
2. Encapsulation and Access Control:

* OOP in Perl promotes encapsulation by hiding the internal implementation details of a class and providing controlled access to its attributes and methods.
* Perl uses a convention of using underscores (`_`) as a prefix to denote private attributes and methods. These are not intended to be accessed directly from outside the class.
* Accessors and mutators (getters and setters) are commonly used to manipulate object attributes. They provide controlled access to attribute values and allow for validation or additional logic if required.
3. Inheritance:

* Inheritance is a key feature of OOP that allows classes to inherit attributes and methods from other classes, establishing a hierarchical relationship.
* Perl supports single inheritance, where a class can inherit from only one parent class.
* Inheritance is defined using the `use base` or `use parent` keywords, specifying the parent class(es).
* The derived class (child class) inherits all the attributes and methods of the parent class, and it can extend or override them as needed.
* Example:
```
perl`package ChildClass;
use parent 'ParentClass';

# Additional methods and attributes specific to ChildClass`
```
4. Polymorphism and Method Overriding:

* Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to respond to the same method name in different ways.
* In Perl, method overriding is achieved by redefining a method in the derived class. The new implementation in the child class replaces the inherited implementation from the parent class.
* This enables customizing behavior based on the specific needs of the child class while still adhering to the common interface defined in the parent class.
5. Role of Constructors and Destructors:

* Constructors are special methods called during object creation. In Perl, the constructor method is usually named `new`. It initializes object attributes and performs any required setup.
* Destructors, often named `DESTROY`, are called when an object is no longer needed. They clean up resources, close file handles, or perform any necessary cleanup tasks before the object is destroyed.
6. Class Variables and Methods:

* In addition to object-specific attributes and methods, Perl also supports class variables and methods.
* Class variables are shared among all objects of the class, whereas object-specific attributes are unique to each object.
* Class methods are invoked on the class itself, rather than on individual objects. They can access and manipulate class variables and perform tasks that are not specific to any particular object.

In conclusion