Explain the differences between object-oriented and functional programming paradigms.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and Functional Programming (FP) are two prominent paradigms in software development, each with its own set of principles and approaches. Here are the key differences between these two paradigms:

1. State and Data Mutation:
* OOP: In OOP, objects encapsulate both data and behavior. Objects maintain internal state, and methods can modify this state through mutation operations. Object methods typically modify the object's internal state, leading to changes in its behavior and data.
* FP: FP emphasizes immutability and avoids mutable state. In FP, data is immutable, and functions are pure, meaning they do not modify data but produce new values. Instead of changing the state, FP relies on creating new data structures and transforming existing ones using functions.
2. Data Flow:
* OOP: In OOP, data and behavior are tightly coupled within objects. Objects interact by invoking methods on each other and passing data between them. The flow of control is often driven by the state changes of objects, following a procedural-like approach.
* FP: FP follows a data-centric approach, where functions operate on immutable data. Data flows through a series of function transformations, often using higher-order functions, without relying on shared state or direct communication between functions. The flow of control is driven by the composition of functions.
3. Encapsulation and Modularity:
* OOP: OOP promotes encapsulation by bundling data and related behavior within objects. Objects hide their internal state and expose a public interface through methods. This allows for information hiding, abstraction, and modularity, facilitating code organization and reusability.
* FP: FP achieves modularity through pure functions that operate on immutable data. Functions can be composed to build larger functions, and modules can be organized around the composition of functions. Data is typically passed as arguments and returned as results, without relying on shared state.
4. Inheritance and Polymorphism:
* OOP: Inheritance is a central concept in OOP, allowing objects to inherit properties and behavior from parent classes. Polymorphism enables objects of different types to be treated as instances of a common superclass, allowing for code reuse and flexibility.
* FP: FP typically avoids inheritance and favors composition over inheritance. Polymorphism in FP is achieved through parametric polymorphism and higher-order functions, where functions can accept and return functions as arguments, enabling code reuse and flexibility without relying on class hierarchies.
5. Side Effects and Pure Functions:
* OOP: OOP allows methods to have side effects, such as modifying internal state or interacting with external resources. This can introduce hidden dependencies and make reasoning about code behavior more complex.
* FP: FP promotes the use of pure functions, which have no side effects and produce the same output for the same input. Pure functions are easier to reason about, test, and parallelize. Managing side effects is typically handled explicitly in FP using techniques such as monads or the separation of concerns.
6. Concurrency and Parallelism:
* OOP: OOP often relies on shared mutable state, which can introduce challenges in concurrent or parallel programming. Synchronizing access to shared state can lead to issues like race conditions and deadlocks.
* FP: FP's emphasis on immutability and pure functions makes it easier to reason about and achieve concurrency and parallelism. Immutable data and pure functions can be safely shared and executed concurrently without the need for locks or synchronization.

Both OOP and FP have their strengths and are suitable for different contexts. OOP is well-suited for modeling complex systems, encapsulating data and behavior, and supporting modularity. FP excels in scenarios that prioritize immutability, composability, and reasoning about code behavior. Understanding the differences between these paradigms enables developers to choose