What are the major categories of substances commonly abused, and what are their physiological effects on the body?

The major categories of substances commonly abused include stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabis. Each category has distinct physiological effects on the body.

Stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, increase brain activity and energy levels. They elevate heart rate and blood pressure, leading to increased alertness, euphoria, and heightened energy. Prolonged use can result in cardiovascular problems, seizures, and psychological dependence.

Depressants, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates, slow down brain activity and produce a calming effect. They can induce relaxation, sedation, and feelings of euphoria. However, excessive use can lead to respiratory depression, impaired coordination, memory problems, and addiction.

Opioids, such as heroin and prescription painkillers like oxycodone, interact with opioid receptors in the brain to reduce pain and induce feelings of euphoria. Physiological effects include pain relief, drowsiness, respiratory depression, and constipation. Prolonged use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and overdose.

Hallucinogens, like LSD and psilocybin mushrooms, alter perception, thoughts, and feelings. They can induce hallucinations, distortions in time and space, and intensified sensory experiences. Physiological effects may include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and dilated pupils. However, hallucinogens are not typically associated with physical dependence or addiction.

Cannabis, which includes marijuana and its derivatives, affects the brain and body by interacting with the endocannabinoid system. It produces relaxation, euphoria, altered perception, and increased appetite. Physiological effects include bloodshot eyes, dry mouth, increased heart rate, and impaired coordination. Regular use can lead to dependence and potential negative cognitive effects, especially in adolescents.

It is important to note that the physiological effects of substance abuse can vary depending on factors such as the specific substance, route of administration, dosage, frequency of use, individual characteristics, and co-occurring medical conditions. Substance abuse can have profound impacts on various bodily systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems. Long-term abuse of substances can result in serious health consequences, including organ damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of infectious diseases.