What is the primary technical challenge in developing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells?

The primary technical challenge in developing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells is improving their long-term stability and durability under real-world operating conditions. Perovskite solar cells are a type of solar cell that uses a perovskite-structured compound as the light-absorbing active layer. Perovskites have shown remarkable potential for high efficiency, with laboratory cells achieving efficiencies comparable to traditional silicon solar cells. However, perovskite materials are known to be sensitive to moisture, oxygen, heat, and ultraviolet (UV) light. Exposure to these environmental factors can lead to degradation of the perovskite material, resulting in a decline in cell performance over time. The main degradation mechanisms include decomposition of the perovskite material, migration of ions within the material, and oxidation of the contacts. To address these stability challenges, researchers are exploring various strategies, such as encapsulating the perovskite layer with protective materials, using more stable perovskite compositions, and developing robust device architectures. While significant progress has been made in improving the stability of perovskite solar cells, further research and development are needed to achieve the long-term durability required for commercial applications. The other performance characteristics of the panels are easier problems to solve that aren't as crucial as the stability of the core material.