What is the most significant barrier to large-scale deployment of enhanced geothermal systems?

The most significant barrier to large-scale deployment of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) is the high upfront cost and technical challenges associated with creating and maintaining artificial geothermal reservoirs. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a type of geothermal energy technology that aims to extract heat from hot, dry rocks deep beneath the Earth's surface where there is insufficient permeability or fluid saturation to allow for conventional geothermal energy production. This involves drilling deep wells into the hot rock formation, fracturing the rock to create permeability, and then circulating water through the fractured rock to extract heat. The heated water is then used to generate electricity at the surface. The primary challenge lies in the difficulty of creating and controlling the artificial reservoir. Creating sufficient fracture networks within the rock formation to allow for adequate water flow and heat extraction is technically complex and expensive. Furthermore, there is a risk of induced seismicity (earthquakes) associated with the fracturing process, which can raise environmental concerns and public opposition. Accurately predicting and managing the fracture propagation and fluid flow within the reservoir is also challenging. The high costs associated with drilling deep wells, fracturing the rock, and managing the reservoir, combined with the technical uncertainties and the risk of induced seismicity, represent the most significant barriers to the widespread deployment of EGS. While other factors, such as permitting and public acceptance, can also play a role, the economic and technical hurdles are currently the most limiting.