What makes a joint lock effective as a submission technique?

A joint lock is effective as a submission technique because it applies controlled leverage to a joint, exceeding its natural range of motion and causing pain and potential injury if not released. By isolating a specific joint, such as the elbow, shoulder, knee, or ankle, and applying pressure in a direction it is not designed to move, a joint lock creates intense pain. This pain forces the opponent to submit, or tap out, to avoid serious injury, such as a dislocation or ligament tear. The effectiveness of a joint lock depends on proper technique, including isolating the joint, controlling the opponent's body, and applying pressure gradually but firmly. For example, an armbar isolates the elbow joint and hyperextends it, causing significant pain if the opponent resists. The controlled application of leverage ensures that the opponent understands the imminent risk of injury and chooses to submit, ending the fight safely.