What specific cache mapping technique assigns each block of main memory to a unique, fixed location within the cache?

The specific cache mapping technique that assigns each block of main memory to a unique, fixed location within the cache is called Direct Mapping. In this technique, every block from main memory has one and only one possible location it can be stored in within the cache. A cache line, also referred to as a cache block, represents the smallest unit of data transferred between main memory and the cache. This fixed assignment simplifies the process of finding data in the cache. The mechanism for this unique assignment relies on how the main memory address is structured and interpreted. A main memory address is logically partitioned into three distinct fields: the tag, the index, and the block offset. The index field is the critical component for Direct Mapping. It directly determines which specific cache line a main memory block, identified by that address, is stored in. The number of bits in the index field dictates the total number of cache lines in the cache (2 raised to the power of the number of index bits). For instance, a cache with 128 lines would use 7 index bits (2^7 = 128). The particular cache line is typically found by taking the main memory block number modulo the total number of cache lines. For example, if a main memory block 0 maps to cache line 0, and a main memory block 128 also maps to cache line 0 in a 128-line cache, they compete for that single location. The block offset field specifies the exact byte or word within the cache line once that data block has been loaded into the cache. Its size depends on the size of the cache line; for a 32-byte cache line, 5 bits are needed for the block offset (2^5 = 32). The tag field is used to uniquely identify which specific main memory block is currently occupying a given cache line. Because multiple main memory blocks can map to the same cache line based on their index, the tag ensures correct identification. When the CPU requests data, the index bits from the memory address point to the designated cache line. The tag bits of the memory address are then compared against the tag stored in that chosen cache line. If these tags match and the cache line is marked as valid, a cache hit occurs, and the data is retrieved using the block offset. If the tags do not match, or the cache line is invalid, a cache miss occurs, necessitating that the required data block be fetched from main memory, placed into its predetermined cache line, its tag updated, and its valid bit set. Direct Mapping is straightforward to implement and offers fast access due to its deterministic lookup process. However, it can be prone to conflict misses, which happen when frequently accessed main memory blocks map to the same cache line, causing them to repeatedly displace each other, even when other cache lines remain unused.