An employee consistently sets ambitious goals but struggles to translate them into concrete action steps. Which element of goal-setting theory is this individual likely deficient in?

This individual is likely deficient in the element of goal-setting theory known as *specificity* and *action planning*. Goal-setting theory, developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, proposes that specific and challenging goals lead to higher performance than vague or easy goals. It's not just about having ambitious goals; it's about *how* those goals are defined and approached. *Specificity* refers to the degree to which a goal is clear and well-defined. Vague goals like “improve sales” are less effective than specific goa....