In the hierarchy of hazard controls, what specific method involves replacing a hazardous material or process with a less hazardous alternative?

The specific method within the hierarchy of hazard controls that involves replacing a hazardous material or process with a less hazardous alternative is Substitution. Substitution is the practice of replacing an existing hazard with a safer, less dangerous, or non-hazardous alternative. This method aims to reduce risk by altering the source of the hazard itself rather than trying to control exposure to it. For example, replacing a solvent-based adhesive with a water-based one, or using a less toxic chemical in a manufacturing process instead of a highly toxic one, are instances of substitution. It is considered the second most effective control measure in the hierarchy, ranking directly after Elimination, because it significantly reduces the inherent danger of a task or environment without relying on workers to take specific actions or wear protective gear.