What is the key operational difference between a pressure exchanger (PX) and a turbocharger type ERD?

The key operational difference between a pressure exchanger (PX) and a turbocharger-type energy recovery device (ERD) lies in how they transfer energy from the high-pressure brine to the incoming feed water. A pressure exchanger directly transfers pressure through a rotating rotor with channels that alternately fill with high-pressure brine and low-pressure feed water. The high-pressure brine physically displaces the low-pressure feed water, directly pressurizing it. This direct transfer maintains a relatively constant pressure and flow rate and does not involve any conversion of pressure energy into mechanical energy. In contrast, a turbocharger-type ERD converts the pressure energy of the high-pressure brine into mechanical energy by using the brine to drive a turbine. The turbine is connected to a pump that pressurizes the incoming feed water. Thus, the turbocharger involves a two-step energy conversion: pressure to mechanical and then mechanical back to pressure. This conversion process introduces inefficiencies due to mechanical losses and requires careful matching of the turbine and pump characteristics to achieve optimal performance. The PX offers a more direct and potentially more efficient energy transfer mechanism, while the turbocharger provides a more flexible approach that can be adapted to different flow and pressure conditions. However, PX systems are generally more sensitive to particulate matter in the brine, requiring more robust pre-filtration to prevent damage to the rotor.