Name one specific type of malignancy that transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression have a significantly increased risk of developing, requiring lifelong screening.

One specific type of malignancy that transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression have a significantly increased risk of developing, requiring lifelong screening, is Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD). PTLD is a diverse group of conditions where lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, multiply uncontrollably following organ transplantation. Chronic immunosuppression refers to the continuous use of medications that deliberately weaken the immune system to prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted organ. This weakened immune system reduces the body's ability to control latent viral infections, most notably the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which commonly infects B-lymphocytes. In the absence of adequate immune surveillance, EBV can drive the unregulated growth of these B-lymphocytes, leading to the development of PTLD. The risk of developing PTLD persists as long as the recipient remains on immunosuppressive therapy, which is typically lifelong for transplant recipients, thus necessitating continuous and lifelong screening to detect the malignancy early.