Explain why backfeeding a distribution transformer can be dangerous, even when de-energized, and what specific safety measures should be taken.

Backfeeding a distribution transformer means applying voltage to the secondary (low-voltage) side, which causes voltage to appear on the primary (high-voltage) side. Even when the primary side is considered de-energized, backfeeding poses significant dangers. The primary danger is that the high-voltage side becomes energized, creating a lethal hazard for anyone working on what they believe to be a de-energized circuit. The voltage transformation ratio remains the same, so a standard 120/240V secondary can energize the primary side to thousands of volts. This can occur unexpectedly if, for example, a generator is connected to a building's wiring and the generator backfeeds through a transformer. Another risk is equipment damage. Distribution transformers are designed to operate with specific voltage and current levels on each side. Backfeeding can cause overvoltages or overcurrents on the primary side, potentially damaging the transformer or other connected equipment. Specific safety measures are crucial: Always assume the high-voltage side is energized until proven otherwise with proper testing. Implement rigorous Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) procedures on both the primary and secondary sides. Use a calibrated voltmeter to verify zero voltage on the primary side before touching any conductors. Apply temporary protective grounding to the primary conductors to ensure they remain at ground potential. If backfeeding is unavoidable (e.g., during testing), clearly identify and mark the circuit as energized and implement strict safety protocols to prevent accidental contact.