Explain how dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is used to diagnose incipient faults in distribution transformers, and provide examples of typical fault gases.

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is a diagnostic technique used to detect and analyze the gases dissolved in the insulating oil of a transformer. It is used to identify potential or incipient faults before they lead to major failures. As the transformer operates, various stressors like heat and electrical stress can cause the insulating oil and solid insulation (paper) to break down, producing specific gases. These gases dissolve in the oil, and by analyzing their concentration and ratios, the type and severity of the fault can be determined. The process involves extracting a sample of oil from the transformer and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. Gas chromatography is used to separate and quantify the different dissolved gases. Typical fault gases include Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethylene (C2H4), Acetylene (C2H2), and Carbon Monoxide (CO). Specific faults are indicated by patterns of these gases. For example, high levels of Acetylene (C2H2) usually indicate arcing or severe overheating. Elevated levels of Ethylene (C2H4) suggest hot spots in the oil or winding insulation. High Carbon Monoxide (CO) levels indicate thermal degradation of the paper insulation. The ratios of these gases, such as the Duval Triangle or Rogers Ratio methods, provide further insights into the type of fault. DGA results are typically trended over time to monitor the progression of any identified faults. A sudden increase in gas concentrations or changes in gas ratios can indicate a worsening condition and prompt further investigation or maintenance.