How does the harmonic spectrum change with the type and load of a non-linear load connected to a distribution system?

Non-linear loads draw current that is not proportional to the applied voltage, resulting in harmonic distortion. The specific harmonic spectrum, which describes the magnitude and frequency of each harmonic component, varies significantly depending on the type and load level of the non-linear load. Different types of non-linear loads generate different harmonic profiles. For example, variable frequency drives (VFDs) typically generate significant 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics. Electronic ballasts used in fluorescent lighting often generate 3rd and 5th harmonics. Switched-mode power supplies, common in computers and other electronic devices, can generate a wide range of harmonics. The load level also affects the harmonic spectrum. As the load increases, the magnitude of the harmonic currents generally increases as well. However, the relative proportions of the different harmonics may also change. For example, at low load levels, certain harmonics may be more dominant, while at higher load levels, other harmonics may become more significant. The harmonic spectrum is also affected by the design and operating characteristics of the non-linear load. For example, VFDs with active front-end rectifiers generate fewer harmonics than those with diode rectifiers. The presence of filters or other harmonic mitigation devices can also alter the harmonic spectrum. Understanding how the harmonic spectrum changes with the type and load of non-linear loads is essential for effectively mitigating harmonic distortion in distribution systems.