Describe the operational differences between a single-plunger and a dual-plunger safety brake system.

Both single-plunger and dual-plunger safety brake systems are designed to stop an elevator car in an emergency, but they achieve this goal using different mechanisms and offer varying levels of redundancy. In a single-plunger safety brake system, a single plunger, typically spring-loaded, is held in a retracted position during normal elevator operation. When an overspeed condition is detected by the governor (a speed-monitoring device), or in the event of a cable rupture, the governor trips, releasing a tension cable connected to the safety brake mechanism. This release allows the spring-loaded plunger to extend and engage the safety brake jaws or rollers, which grip the guide rails and bring the elevator car to a stop. The entire braking force is generated and applied by this single plunger acting on the safety brake mechanism on one side of the car frame. In contrast, a dual-plunger safety brake system utilizes two plungers, each acting independently on a separate set of safety brake jaws or rollers on opposite sides of the car frame. During normal operation, both plungers are held retracted. When an overspeed or cable rupture occurs, the governor releases the tension cable, allowing both plungers to extend simultaneously and engage the safety brakes. The key operational difference lies in the redundancy and distribution of braking force. A dual-plunger system provides redundancy because if one plunger fails to engage, the other plunger can still activate the safety brake and stop the car, albeit with a reduced braking force. This redundancy significantly enhances safety. Additionally, the braking force is distributed more evenly across both sides of the car frame in a dual-plunger system. This balanced braking force reduces the risk of the car twisting or tilting during the braking process, providing a smoother and more controlled stop. Because of the added safety and stability, dual-plunger systems are often preferred, or even required, in high-speed or high-capacity elevators where the consequences of a braking failure would be more severe. Single-plunger systems, while still effective, offer less redundancy and may be more suitable for lower-speed, lower-capacity elevators.