What key parameter needs continuous monitoring to ensure optimal performance in electrochemical capacitors?

Voltage is the key parameter that needs continuous monitoring to ensure optimal performance in electrochemical capacitors, also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors. Unlike batteries, which maintain a relatively constant voltage during discharge, the voltage of a supercapacitor decreases linearly as it discharges. Monitoring the voltage is crucial for determining the State of Charge (SOC) of the supercapacitor, which indicates the amount of energy remaining. Operating the supercapacitor outside of its specified voltage limits can lead to degradation and reduced lifespan. Overvoltage can cause electrolyte decomposition and damage to the electrodes, while undervoltage can limit the available energy. By continuously monitoring the voltage, the control system can ensure that the supercapacitor operates within its safe and optimal voltage range, maximizing its performance and lifespan. Additionally, monitoring voltage allows for accurate control of the charging and discharging processes, preventing overcharging and deep discharging.