The main challenge in recycling lithium-ion batteries lies in the complexity and variability of battery chemistry and construction, combined with the economic challenges of recovering valuable materials in a cost-effective manner. Lithium-ion batteries come in various chemistries (e.g., NMC, NCA, LFP, LCO), each with different material compositions and recycling requirements. This variability makes it difficult to establish standardized recycling processes that can efficiently handle all battery types. The batteries also conta....
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