The key challenge in accurately estimating the state of health (SOH) of a battery pack lies in the cell-to-cell variations within the pack and the complex, non-linear degradation behavior of individual cells, which are difficult to measure and model precisely. Battery packs consist of multiple cells connected in series and parallel, and these cells exhibit variations in capacity, internal resistance, and degradation rates due to manufacturing tolerances, temperature gradients, and usage patterns. These variations can lead to imb....
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