Describe three types of anchor points commonly used in fall protection systems, noting the load requirements each is suitable for and the methods of inspection to ensure they meet safety standards.
Anchor points are critical components of fall protection systems, providing secure attachment points for connecting personal fall arrest equipment like harnesses and lanyards. The type of anchor point used depends on the specific task, work environment, and structure. Here are three common types of anchor points, along with their load requirements and inspection methods:
1. Structural Steel Members:
Description: Structural steel members, such as beams, columns, and trusses, are often used as anchor points in construction, manufacturing, and industrial settings. These members are usually part of the permanent building or structure. They are usually I-beams, wide flange beams, or channel members.
Load Requirements: Anchor points used in fall arrest systems must be capable of supporting a static load of at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per worker, or designed, installed and used under the supervision of a qualified person as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two. When used for fall restraint, they must withstand 2 times the anticipated static load. The design and load rating must always be done by a qualified person. These load ratings ensure that the anchor point can withstand the forces generated during a fall without failing. Structural steel members are generally rated for this level of load, but their capacity must be confirmed.
Inspection Methods:
Visual Inspection: Before using a steel member as an anchor point, conduct a thorough visual inspection. Look for any signs of deformation such as bending, twisting, or cracks in the steel. Check for corrosion, rust, and excessive wear. Look for any alterations or welds that might compromise the integrity of the member. If any of these are found, the anchor point is unsuitable. For example, a cracked steel beam would not be appropriate, as it might fail under load.
Connection Integrity: Examine how the connection device attaches to the steel member. Check the clamping device for tight connections, and that it’s firmly gripping the steel member. Ensure there is no movement of the connection device and that it’s properly locked. Verify that the beam clamps are properly installed, in line with the manufacturer’s directions, and that the clamp is rated for its required use. Check that all bolts, nuts, or screws are tight and not damaged.
Load Rating Verification: Confirm that the load rating of the steel member is sufficient for the intended application. When using a beam clamp, ensure that the clamp is rated to handle the required load and that it has been installed and used properly. Always consult structural drawings or a qualified person to verify the load capacity of the structural steel member if there are doubts.
Location and Clearance: Make sure the location of the steel member provides adequate clearance for a fall arrest system to work effectively without interference from any obstructions. Ensure there is sufficient height for the system to function, and that there is no chance of any secondary impacts or swing falls.
Documentation: Ensure that the load rating information is on the beam or accessible to the user. It is helpful to keep a log of all inspections of steel anchor points to ensure consistency in the inspection process.
2. Pre-Engineered Anchor Points:
Description: Pre-engineered anchor points are manufactured devices that are designed, tested, and certified for use in fall protection systems. These might include tie-off plates, D-ring anchors, concrete anchors, roof anchors, and other similar types of components, and are designed to be installed in specific structures or locations.
Load Requirements: Pre-engineered anchor points must have a specific load rating that meets or exceeds the requirements of the intended application. These devices are typically rated to withstand at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) for fall arrest or a factor of 2 times the expected load for fall restraint per worker and are clearly marked with the load capacity. This rating must be considered before installation, and must be appropriate for the intended work.
Inspection Methods:
Installation Check: Before use, verify that the pre-engineered anchor point has been installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Ensure all bolts, screws, or fasteners are correctly installed and securely tightened. Consult the manufacturer's specifications for details on any specific installation requirements. For example, a bolted tie-off plate should be inspected to ensure that the correct fasteners are used and that they are torqued to the manufacturer’s specifications.
Visual Examination: Inspect the anchor point for any signs of damage or wear. Look for corrosion, bending, cracks, deformation, or missing parts. A visual inspection should also make sure the hardware and attachment points are in good condition.
Load Rating Verification: Confirm that the load rating markings are legible and that they match the requirements for the intended fall protection system. All pre-engineered components should be clearly marked with the load rating and should be compared to the project requirements.
Proper Functioning: Check that any moving parts, such as D-rings or swivels, function smoothly. Ensure that connection points are properly aligned and can attach to other fall protection components without issue. Ensure that the connection points are not damaged or compromised in any way.
Maintenance and Storage: Confirm that the anchor point has been stored and maintained in line with the manufacturer’s specifications. Ensure that the manufacturer's replacement schedule has been followed, if applicable.
Documentation: Retain all manufacturer's installation instructions, and ensure they are readily available. Record all inspections and verify when the anchor was installed, and last inspected.
3. Concrete Anchors:
Description: Concrete anchors are specialized devices installed into concrete structures such as walls, floors, and ceilings, to create a secure attachment point for a fall protection system. These anchors can be installed using various methods, including epoxy, wedge, and screw-in anchors.
Load Requirements: Concrete anchors must be rated to withstand a static load of at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) for fall arrest or 2 times the anticipated load for fall restraint. The anchor should be tested to verify it’s load capacity after installation, using the manufacturers recommended procedures. The anchor selection must be rated for the expected forces and the type of work performed. The design should be performed by a qualified person.
Inspection Methods:
Installation and Embedding: Verify that the anchor is securely embedded in the concrete and is installed as per the manufacturer's instructions. Check that the anchor is set correctly, at the correct depth, with the correct fasteners and epoxy.
Concrete Quality: Inspect the concrete around the anchor point for cracks, spalling, or other damage. The concrete must be in good condition to securely hold the anchor. Any sign of damage to the concrete is cause for rejection of the anchor point.
Visual Check: Check the anchor for corrosion, damage, cracks, or deformation. Verify that the attachment point is in good condition. If any damage is found, the anchor should be removed from service.
Load Verification: Verify that the load rating marking on the anchor is legible, and that it matches the requirements for the intended use. Verify that the design has been certified by a qualified person and that all load requirements will be met during a fall event. Verify that the anchor has been tested, using the manufacturers recommendations.
Documentation: Record all inspections, anchor installation details, and testing procedures. Retain all the manufacturer’s specifications, installation instructions, and testing data. The installation date and inspection data should be readily available to the user.
In conclusion, selecting and using appropriate anchor points is essential to the effectiveness of any fall protection system. A thorough inspection, based on these guidelines, must be completed before using any anchor point. Organizations must ensure that all workers involved in using these anchor points are trained in the selection, inspection, and limitations of these components. By adhering to these guidelines, workplaces can create safer environments for all employees working at heights.