Describe the CAP theorem and how it relates to choosing between different database technologies (e.g., MongoDB vs. a relational database) for a full-stack application.

The CAP theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed data store to simultaneously provide all three of the following guarantees: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. In other words, in the presence of a network partition (a situation where some nodes in the system cannot communicate with each other), you must choose between Consistency and Availability. Consistency: Every read receives the most recent write or an error. All clients see the same data at the same time. Availability: Every request receives a non-error response – without a guarantee that it contains the most recent write. The system remains operational even if some nodes are down. Partition Tolerance: The system continues to operate despite arbitrary partitioning due to network failures. A network partition is inevitable in distributed systems. Therefore, the CAP theorem....