Which AdSense ad format is generally considered the most disruptive to user experience?

AdSense ad formats that significantly interrupt the user's flow and cover content are generally considered the most disruptive. Specifically, pop-up ads and interstitial ads are the most disruptive. Pop-up ads appear in a new browser window or tab, forcing the user to close them to continue browsing the original page. Interstitial ads appear before or after expected content, requiring the user to dismiss them. These formats are intrusive because they directly interfere with the user's immediate goal, which is to access the website's content. While other ad formats like banner ads or in-feed ads can also be disruptive if poorly placed, pop-up and interstitial ads inherently interrupt the user experience by their very nature of forcing interaction before content access. Modern web design typically discourages these formats in favor of less intrusive options to provide a better user experience.