Explain the differences in functionality and security between WPA2-PSK and WPA3-SAE Wi-Fi encryption protocols.

WPA2-PSK (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Pre-Shared Key) and WPA3-SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) are Wi-Fi encryption protocols that provide security for wireless networks. WPA3-SAE is the successor to WPA2-PSK, offering enhanced security features and addressing vulnerabilities present in WPA2-PSK. The primary difference between WPA2-PSK and WPA3-SAE lies in their authentication methods. WPA2-PSK uses a pre-shared key (the Wi-Fi password) for authentication. All devices connecting to the network use the same key. This makes WPA2-PSK vulnerable to dictionary attacks and key reinstallation attacks (KRACK). If an attacker knows the Wi-Fi password, they can decrypt network traffic. Also, if a single device is compromised, the password is known, and the network is vulnerable. WPA3-SAE, on the other hand, uses the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) handshake, also known as Dragonfly, for authentication. SAE is a more secure authentication method that provides forward secrecy. Forward secrecy ensures that even if the Wi-Fi password is compromised, past network traffic cannot be decrypted. This is because SAE generates a unique encryption key for each session, and this key is not derived from the Wi-Fi password directly. This makes WPA3-SAE significantly more resistant to dictionary attacks and KRACK attacks. Another security enhancement in WPA3-SAE is the use of Protected Management Frames (PMF). PMF protects management frames, which are used to manage the Wi-Fi network, from eavesdropping and tampering. WPA2-PSK also supports PMF, but it is often optional. WPA3-SAE requires PMF, providing an additional layer of security. Functionally, WPA3-SAE offers a more secure and robust authentication method compared to WPA2-PSK. WPA3-SAE also simplifies the process of connecting to Wi-Fi networks using QR codes or NFC tags. Overall, WPA3-SAE provides significant security improvements over WPA2-PSK, making it the preferred choice for securing modern Wi-Fi networks. However, it's important to note that both the Wi-Fi access point and the client devices must support WPA3-SAE to take advantage of its security benefits.