Outline a comprehensive approach to data minimization across multiple online services, considering both user-controllable settings and service-specific policies.

Data minimization, the principle of collecting and retaining only the necessary amount of personal data, is a critical aspect of online privacy. Implementing a comprehensive approach to data minimization across multiple online services involves both taking control of user-adjustable settings and understanding and navigating the specific data policies of the services themselves. This approach requires a proactive, ongoing effort. The first step in data minimization is to audit all online accounts and services. This involves reviewing which services are actively being used and identifying which of those services retain personal data and which do not, making note of the different categories of data collected by each service. It also involves a periodic review of permissions granted to applications on devices. After performing this review, the next step is to reduce data exposure through user-controllable settings. For each service, carefully check the privacy and security settings, and adjust them to collect the bare minimum necessary. For example, on social media platforms, limit the visibility of your posts and profile information to only your friends or specific groups. Disable location services and activity tracking features. On online shopping sites, only save payment details if it is absolutely necessary. Deactivate personalized advertising settings and restrict the collection of personal information in your profile. The goal is to disable unnecessary data collection wherever possible and limit access to the data that needs to be collected. Another key aspect is to minimize the amount of information provided when signing up for new services. Only provide the required information to register and avoid filling out optional fields. Don't use social media accounts to sign into other sites. Instead, register using unique emails and different passwords and opt out of additional information requests. For example, if an online store asks for your phone number but allows you to checkout with just an email address, use the email option. For accounts that require personal data, consider using pseudonyms and alternate email addresses. Instead of using your primary email address, use a separate or even temporary one. In cases where you want to use a service but want to remain anonymous, consider disposable email services or use burner phone numbers, which allow you to maintain a level of privacy by not using your personal details. A significant part of data minimization involves understanding and navigating service-specific policies. Many services provide detailed documentation on their data collection, usage, and storage practices in their privacy policies. Users need to examine these policies carefully and ensure that these practices are aligned with their privacy goals. If a service's policies are unclear or excessive, it may be best to seek alternative services. When using a particular service, it is important to make active choices that reduce data collection. For example, use search engines like DuckDuckGo which don't track your search history, or use a browser such as Brave that blocks third-party trackers. Use encrypted communication tools that collect less data than traditional apps. Avoid cloud storage services that do not provide strong data encryption. Whenever it is possible, use local storage solutions. If a service offers the option to download and manage your own data, make sure to do so regularly and also delete unnecessary data from the server. Data deletion and retention is another critical factor. Regularly delete data that you no longer need, whether it is old emails, files, or account data. Many services provide deletion tools that allow users to remove their data. It is important to be aware of how long a service keeps your data and to exercise your right to delete or request deletion as provided by some privacy laws. Using a password manager is also essential for maintaining privacy across multiple online services, as using unique passwords for each service reduces the risk of account takeover from leaked passwords, limiting damage from potential breaches. By using a password manager that doesn't collect data, you further enhance privacy. Another part of data minimization is also to be aware of how data is shared. When prompted to share data with third-party services, always select only what is necessary and also read the fine print carefully. Avoid connecting unnecessary services to your social media accounts and other online platforms. Review app permissions regularly and revoke unnecessary access to data or settings from all apps on your devices. Finally, be proactive and always look for privacy focused alternatives. There are often more secure or privacy focused alternatives to popular apps and services. Look for services that are open source, and transparent about their privacy practices. In summary, data minimization across multiple online services is an ongoing process that involves active participation. By controlling user-settings, understanding service policies, minimizing shared information, deleting unnecessary data, choosing privacy focused services, and making conscious choices about the data we generate, we can significantly reduce our digital footprint.