Why is proper ventilation so critical in areas where hydrogen is handled?

Proper ventilation is critical in areas where hydrogen is handled because it prevents the accumulation of hydrogen gas, reducing the risk of fire, explosion, and asphyxiation. Hydrogen is highly flammable and has a wide flammability range, meaning that it can ignite easily even at low concentrations in air (Lower Explosive Limit or LEL is 4%). If hydrogen leaks into a confined space with inadequate ventilation, the concentration can quickly rise into the flammable range, creating a significant explosion hazard. Furthermore, hydrogen is lighter than air, so it tends to accumulate near the ceiling or in other high points in a room. Proper ventilation, whether natural or forced, removes the accumulated hydrogen, diluting it to a safe concentration below the LEL. Additionally, hydrogen is an asphyxiant, meaning that it can displace oxygen and cause suffocation. High concentrations of hydrogen in a poorly ventilated area can reduce the oxygen level to a point where it is unsafe to breathe. Ventilation helps to maintain a safe oxygen level, protecting personnel from asphyxiation. Therefore, the prevention of fire, explosion, and asphyxiation are the primary reasons why proper ventilation is essential.