The specific assumption about the aquifer's vertical extent crucial for the validity of the Theis equation in pumping test analysis is that the aquifer is confined, of uniform thickness, and has no vertical leakage from or to adjacent formations. A confined aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment, such as sand or gravel, that readily transmits water, and is completely bounded, both above and below, by layers of much less permeable material, like clay or shale. These less permeable layers are called confining layers. The assumption of 'uniform thickness' means the vertica....
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