In a fully urbanized watershed, how does the increased percentage of impervious surfaces directly impact the amount of water available for groundwater recharge compared to its natural state?

Impervious surfaces are human-made structures like concrete, asphalt roads, rooftops, and highly compacted soils that prevent water from infiltrating, or soaking, into the ground. In a natural watershed, a significant portion of precipitation infiltrates the soil, meaning it seeps downward through permeable ground surfaces. This infiltrated water moves through the soil and rock layers to replenish underground water sources, a process known as groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is the replenishment of aquifers, which are underground layers of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be extracted. In this natural state, water slowly percolates through the soil, contributing to the subsurface water supply and ultimately nourishing aquifers.