How can vibration analysis be used to distinguish between mechanical looseness and bearing defects in rotating equipment?

Vibration analysis is a valuable tool for differentiating between mechanical looseness and bearing defects in rotating equipment because each condition generates distinct vibration signatures in the frequency domain. Mechanical looseness typically manifests as harmonics of the running speed (1X, 2X, 3X, etc.) and subharmonics (1/2X, 1/3X, etc.). Harmonics are integer multiples of the rotational frequency, while subharmonics are fractions of the rotational frequency. The presence of these frequencies indicates that the components are not properly secured, allowing them to vibrate at multiples or fractions of the shaft speed. For example, a loose foundation bolt might cause a strong 1X vibration, and a loosely fitted bearing housing might generate subharmonics. Bearing defects, on the other hand, generate vibration frequencies related to the bearing's geometry and speed. These frequencies are known as bearing fault frequencies and are calculated based on the bearing's dimensions, number of rolling elements, and the inner and outer race rotational speeds. Common bearing fault frequencies include the Ball Pass Frequency Outer race (BPFO), Ball Pass Frequency Inner race (BPFI), Ball Spin Frequency (BSF), and Fundamental Train Frequency (FTF). These frequencies can be calculated using formulas provided by the bearing manufacturer. When a bearing defect is present, such as a crack or spall on a race or rolling element, the vibration spectrum will show peaks at or near these calculated bearing fault frequencies. These peaks may be accompanied by harmonics and sidebands, which are frequencies above and below the fault frequency. Unlike mechanical looseness, bearing defects generate specific frequencies related to the bearing's internal geometry, providing a clear distinction between the two conditions. A vibration analyst would use a spectrum analyzer to identify these frequency components and diagnose the root cause of the vibration.