Constructivism explains the formation of state interests by emphasizing the role of ideas, norms, identities, and social interaction. Unlike realism and liberalism, which often treat state interests as fixed or based on material factors, constructivism argues that interests are socially constructed and can change over time. This means that state interests are not predetermined but are shaped by shared beliefs, values, and understandings that emerge through interaction with other actors in the international system. Identities, in constructivist terms, are the understandings and expectations that states have about themselves and others. These identities are formed through social processes and influence how states perceive their roles and responsibilities in the world. For example, a state that identifies it....
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