What is the technical challenge of accurately achieving white balance in night videography when encountering multiple mixed artificial light sources (e.g., LED, incandescent, sodium vapor)?

Achieving accurate white balance in night videography when encountering multiple mixed artificial light sources presents a significant technical challenge because each light source emits light with a distinct color temperature and spectral power distribution, which cannot be simultaneously corrected by a single camera setting. White balance is the process of adjusting colors in an image so that objects that appear white in reality are rendered as white in the video, ensuring all other colors appear naturally. This correction accounts for the color cast introduced by various light sources. Different light sources produce light with different color temperatures, measured in Kelvins (K). Light with a lower Kelvin value appears warmer (more orange/red), while light with a higher Kelvin value appears cooler (more blue). The problem arises at night because a single scene often contains light from multiple sources like incandescent, sodium vapor, and LED, each with its unique characteristics. Incandescent lights, such as older streetlights or home lights, emit a very warm, yellowish-orange light, typically around 2700K to 3000K. Their spectral power distribution, which describes the amount of light emitted at each wavelength, is continuous but heavily skewed towards the red and orange end of the spectrum, with less blue light. Sodium vapor lights, commonly found in older street lighting....