How can repeating shapes make a picture look deeper and more interesting, even if it's flat?

Repeating shapes make a flat picture look deeper through several visual cues. Linear perspective is created when identical shapes are drawn to appear smaller and closer together as they recede towards a vanishing point, which is the spot on the horizon where parallel lines seem to meet. This gives the illusion of distance. Scale diminution further enhances depth, where shapes that are known to be the same size in reality are depicted as progressively smaller, suggesting they are further away from the viewer. For example, a row of identical poles appearing smaller in the distance creates depth. Overlap also creates depth; when repeating shapes partially cover one another, the one in front is perceived as closer than the one behind, layering elements within the picture plane. Additionally, atmospheric perspective can be implied if repeating shapes become less distinct or lighter in value as they recede, mimicking how objects appear through air over long distances. Repeating shapes make a picture more interesting by establishing rhythm and pattern. Rhythm is the visual beat or flow created by the organized repetition of elements, which guides the viewer's eye and provides a sense of order. Pattern is the predictable arrangement of these shapes, adding visual appeal. This repetition fosters unity and harmony, connecting different parts of the composition and making the entire image feel cohesive and balanced. It also creates movement, as the eye naturally follows the sequence of repeating shapes, leading the viewer through the artwork. For instance, a repeating series of arches can direct the gaze. Breaking a repeated pattern can also create a focal point, drawing immediate attention to a specific area because it stands out from the expected sequence. Finally, densely packed, small repeating shapes can create the illusion of texture, giving a flat surface a perceived tactile quality, like the rough feel of brickwork or the smooth surface of water, making the picture more engaging.