Mitigating the risk of water hammer, also known as hydraulic transient, in a long, complex irrigation pipeline network during rapid valve closure involves a multi-faceted approach focused on reducing the pressure surge that occurs when the flow of water is suddenly stopped. Water hammer is a pressure wave that propagates through the pipeline when a valve is closed quickly, effectively converting the kinetic energy of the moving water into pressure energy. The primary method is to slow down the valve closure rate. This can be achieved by using valves with slow-closing mechanisms, such as gate valves or globe valves, rather than quick-closing ball valves or butterfly valves. If quick-closing valves are necessary for operational reasons, they should be equipped with hydraulic or electric actuators....
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