Explain the procedures for collecting DNA samples from different sources, and the steps required to prevent contamination during collection and storage.

Collecting DNA samples requires specific procedures to ensure the integrity of the sample and prevent contamination. The procedures vary depending on the source of the DNA. For liquid samples, such as blood or saliva, the sample should be collected using a sterile swab or pipette. The swab should be rubbed firmly on the surface to collect as much material as possible. The swab should then be air-dried completely before being placed in a paper bag or envelope. Plastic containers should be avoided as they can promote the growth of mold and bacteria, which can degrade the DNA. For dried stains, such as dried blood or semen, the entire item containing the stain should be collected, if possible. If the item cannot be collected, the stain should be scraped or swabbed using a sterile technique. A sterile scalpel or swab should be used to collect the stain, and the material should be placed in a paper bag or envelope. For hair samples, at least six to ten hairs with the root attached should be collected. The hairs should be pulled from the head or body, not cut. The hairs should be placed in a paper bindle or envelope. For buccal swabs (cheek swabs), a sterile swab should be rubbed firmly against the inside of the cheek to collect epithelial cells. The swab should then be air-dried completely before being placed in a paper bag or envelope. To prevent contamination, several steps must be taken. First, disposable gloves should be worn at all times when handling DNA samples. The gloves should be changed frequently to prevent cross-contamination. Second, sterile equipment should be used for all collection procedures. This includes using sterile swabs, pipettes, and scalpels. Third, the collection area should be clean and free from any potential sources of contamination. Fourth, the samples should be properly packaged and sealed to prevent contamination during transport and storage. Paper bags or envelopes should be used instead of plastic containers. Fifth, the samples should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent degradation of the DNA. Refrigeration or freezing is recommended for long-term storage. For example, when collecting a blood sample from a crime scene, the investigator should wear gloves, use a sterile swab to collect the sample, air dry the swab completely, and place it in a paper envelope. The envelope should be sealed and labeled with the date, time, location, and a description of the sample. The sample should then be stored in a refrigerator until it can be transported to the lab.