What constitutes a valid waiver of the right to counsel during interrogation, and what actions must be taken by law enforcement to ensure the waiver is valid?

For a waiver of the right to counsel during interrogation to be valid, it must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. 'Knowing' means the suspect must understand the rights they are waiving. This requires that they have been properly informed of their 'Miranda' rights, including the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, and the understanding that anything they say can be used against them in court. 'Intelligent' means the suspect must understand the consequences of waiving those rights. This requires that the suspect be able to comprehend the nature of the rights being waived and the potential ramifications of speaking to law enforcement without an attorney present. Factors affecting intelligence can include the sus....