Beyond GM, what other stability criteria are critical for a vessel carrying timber?

Beyond GM (Metacentric Height), which indicates initial stability, other critical stability criteria for a vessel carrying timber include the Angle of Vanishing Stability, the Area under the GZ curve up to specific angles, and consideration of potential water absorption by the timber. The Angle of Vanishing Stability is the angle of heel at which the righting arm (GZ) becomes zero, meaning the ship loses its ability to right itself and will capsize. A larger angle of vanishing stability indicates greater stability at larger angles of heel. The area under the GZ curve represents the energy required to heel the ship to a given angle. Classification societies typically require a minimum area under the GZ curve up to 30, 40 degrees, and the angle of downflooding (the angle at which water can enter the hull through openings). These criteria ensure that the ship has sufficient reserve stability to withstand dynamic forces from waves and wind. Timber, especially when carried on deck, can absorb water, increasing its weight and raising the center of gravity, which reduces stability. The loading plan must account for this potential water absorption and its impact on stability. Additionally, timber cargoes often create a high center of gravity, making the ship more susceptible to rolling. Therefore, careful consideration of these additional stability criteria is crucial for ensuring the safe transport of timber cargoes.