For a special program on Linux that usually runs with high power, what specific extra problem must it have for you to use it to become root?

The specific extra problem a program, which usually runs with high power but not as root, must have for you to use it to become root is a local privilege escalation vulnerability. A local privilege escalation vulnerability is a security flaw within a program or the operating system that allows an attacker with limited user privileges on a system to gain higher-level administrative privileges, typically full root access, on the same machine. This means the program contains a defect that can be exploited from a lower-privileged context to achieve a higher-privileged one. For this program to specifically enable becoming root, the vulnerability must allow one of the following: First, arbitrary code execution with root privileges. This commonly occurs through memory corruption vulnerabilities like a buffer overflow, which is when a program writes data beyond the allocated memory buffer, potentially overwriting other parts of memory including executable code or return addresses. If the program is configured as a `setuid` (Set User ID) binary owned by the `root` user, it means the program executes with the effective privileges of its owner, which is `root`, regardless of which user runs it. In this scenario, successfully injecting and executing arbitrary code will run that code as the `root` user, directly granting root access. Second, arbitrary file system write or read access to critical root-controlled files. This vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the program into reading from or writing to any file on the system, circumventing normal file permissions. For instance, a path traversal vulnerability might allow an attacker to use special characters like `../` (dot-dot-slash) to access files outside an intended directory. If the program can be tricked into writing to files like `/etc/shadow`, which stores encrypted user passwords including root's, or `/etc/sudoers`, which controls user permissions for running commands as root, an attacker can modify these files to grant themselves root access. Third, command injection that can be leveraged for root access. This type of vulnerability occurs when a program constructs and executes system commands using unvalidated user input, allowing an attacker to insert and execute their own commands. If the program already runs with some elevated privileges (its "high power" state, perhaps as a specific system user or with certain Linux Capabilities which grant specific kernel-level privileges), the injected commands will run with those same privileges. To achieve full root access, the injected command would typically exploit a further specific kernel vulnerability or interact with another root-owned system utility in an unintended manner. In essence, the problem is a software flaw that permits a non-root process to gain full control over the system by either executing malicious code as root or by directly altering critical system configuration files that only root should manage.